State Emblem of the Soviet Union. When Lenin and the Bolsheviks took over Russia in 1918, they faced enormous odds against the German Empire, and then again against multiple enemies in a bitter civil war. The Kremlin-controlled the socialist states that it established in the parts of Eastern Europe its army occupied in 1945. After eliminating capitalism and its advocates, it linked them to the USSR russian foreign policy during cold war terms of economics through COMECON and later the military through the Warsaw Pact.
Tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States reached an all-time high during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, in which Soviet missiles were placed on the island of Cuba well within range of US territory. This was retrospectively viewed as the closest the world ever came to a nuclear war. In 1979 a socialist government the took power in Afghanistan was hard-pressed and requested military help from Moscow. The Soviet army intervene, expel the socialists, and found itself in a major insurrection. The presidency of Ronald Reagan in the United States was fiercely anti-Soviet, and mobilized its allies to support the guerrilla war against the Soviets in Afghanistan.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs implemented the foreign policies set by Stalin and after his death by the Politburo. According to Soviet theorists, the basic character of Soviet foreign policy was set forth in Vladimir Lenin’s Decree on Peace, adopted by the Second Congress of Soviets in November 1917. The Soviet commitment in practice to proletarian internationalism declined since the founding of the Soviet state, although this component of ideology still had some effect on later formulation and execution of Soviet foreign policy. Although these general foreign policy goals were apparently conceived in terms of priorities, the emphasis and ranking of the priorities have changed over time in response to domestic and international stimuli. Many Western analysts have examined the way Soviet behavior in various regions and countries supported the general goals of Soviet foreign policy.
These analysts have assessed Soviet behavior in the 1970s and 1980s as placing primary emphasis on relations with the United States, which was considered the foremost threat to the national security of the Soviet Union. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs–called “Narkomindel” until 1949–drafted policy papers for the approval of Stalin and the Politburo, and then sent their orders out to the Soviet embassies. Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12859A, Georgi Wassiljewitsch Tschitscherin. There were three distinct phases in Soviet foreign policy between the conclusion of the Russian Civil War and the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939, determined in part by political struggles within the USSR, and in part by dynamic developments in international relations and the effect these had on Soviet security. Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, once in power, believed their October Revolution would ignite the world’s socialists and lead to a “World Revolution.
